What Is the Toulmin Model of Argument

The Toulmin model (or system) is a  six-part model of argument (with similarities to the syllogism) introduced by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin in his book The Uses of Argument (1958).   The Toulmin model (or system) can be used as a tool for developing, analyzing, and categorizing arguments. Observations What is it that makes arguments work? What makes arguments effective? The British logician Stephen Toulmin made important contributions to argument theory that are useful for this line of inquiry. Toulmin found six components of arguments:[T]he Toulmin model provides us with useful tools for analyzing the components of arguments.(J. Meany and K. Shuster, Art, Argument, and Advocacy. IDEA, 2002) Claim: A statement that something is so.Data: The backing for the claim.Warrant: The link between the claim and the grounds.Backing: Support for the warrant.Modality: The degree of certainty employed in offering the argument.Rebuttal: Exceptions to the initial claim.[Toulmins] general model of data leading to a claim, mediated by a warrant with any necessary backing, has been very influential as a new standard of logical thinking, particularly among scholars of rhetoric and speech communication.(C. W. Tindale, Rhetorical Argumentation. Sage, 2004) Using the Toulmin System Use the seven-part Toulmin system to begin to develop an argument . . .. Here is the Toulmin system: Make your claim.Restate or qualify your claim.Present good reasons to support your claim.Explain the underlying assumptions that connect your claim and your reasons. If an underlying assumption is controversial, provide backing for it.Provide additional grounds to support your claim.Acknowledge and respond to possible counterarguments.Draw a conclusion, stated as strongly as possible. (Lex Runciman, Carolyn Lengel, and Kate Silverstein,  Exercises to Accompany The Everyday Writer, 4th ed. Macmillan, 2009) The Toulmin Model and the Syllogism Toulmins model actually boils down to a rhetorical expansion of the syllogism . . .. Although the reactions of others are anticipated, the model is primarily directed at representing the argumentation for the standpoint of the speaker or writer who advances the argumentation. The other party remains in fact passive: The acceptability of the claim is not made dependent on a systematic weighing up of arguments for and against the claim.(F. H. van Eemeren and R. Grootendorst, A Systematic Theory of Argumentation. Cambridge University Press, 2004) Toulmin on the Toulmin Model When I wrote [The Uses of Argument], my aim was strictly philosophical: to criticize the assumption, made by most Anglo-American academic philosophers, that any significant argument can be put in formal terms . . ..In no way had I set out to expound a theory of rhetoric or argumentation: my concern was with twentieth-century epistemology, not informal logic. Still less had I in mind an analytical model like that which, among scholars of Communication, came to be called the Toulmin model.(Stephen Toulmin, The Uses of Argument, rev. ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003)

Notes On The Global Financial Crisis Essay - 1431 Words

Abstract The recent turmoil in the global financial market has given rise to an argument on what policy measure or controls should be imposed to curb excess stock price volatility. One such restrictions were placed on short selling to reduce speculative trading.The aim of the present paper is to consider the impact of the measures placed on short selling following the 2008 global financial crisis. This report assesses the success of the interim measures in achieving these objectives, and also considers the impact the interim measures had on the market, participants in the market and other stakeholders What is short selling? The short sale of a security that is not owned by the seller of the stock, or the seller has borrowed. Short selling is the belief that the price of a security will decline, at a lower price to make a profit, you can buy it back at a reduced cost in future. There are two general types of short sale transactions: (A) short sales covered: a person sells a financial product they can trust agreement existing loan to have a right exercisable and unconditional to confer the product the buyer at the time of sale; and (B) short sales Uncovered: the seller has no arrangement in place to borrow the financial product at the time of sale and therefore does not have a right exercisable and unconditional to confer the product. 1 These measures included, in summary: (a) the temporary banning, with some exemptions, of the covered shortShow MoreRelatedNotes On The Global Financial Crisis1614 Words   |  7 Pageseither hedge risks or to open speculative positions. 1. Introduction The latest global financial crisis, starting from the United States since 2007, has pushed the financial derivatives to be a hot spot. The publics usually believe that the inappropriate application of derivatives should be to blame for this, which is totally wrong. It is apparent that there is no single financial crisis resulting from only a kind of financial product. Whatever the instrument is, including credit derivatives and basicRead MoreNotes on the Global Financial Crisis829 Words   |  3 Pages1. The global financial crisis did not reduce my income, but I think that if I did see reduced income, I would either cut back on discretionary purchases or I would buy cheaper brands. Certainly with things that I have to buy, like food or toiletries, cheaper brands are usually purchased. This contrasts with products that are completely discretionary, where my consumption might be severely curtailed or cut back entirely. The reason for this is simple. When there is less money to go aro und, and thereRead MoreAccounting Fraud721 Words   |  3 Pagesoutline in NOTE form. Submit this completed outline on Monday WK 4 together with your articles (4 or 5), a reference list notes on your articles that will be used as support for your arguments/points. 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Why is there a perceivedRead MoreThe Global Financial Crisis Of 2007-20081123 Words   |  5 PagesThe Global Financial Crisis of 2007-2008 is the worst financial crisis since the 1930’s The Great Depression (Reuters, 2009). Even if bailouts of banks by national governments prevented the collapse of major financial institutions, worldwide stock markets continued to drop. Evictions and foreclosures overwhelmed the housing market while severed unemployment embraced the labor market (Baily and Elliot, 2009). This global financial crisis was responsible for the decline in the consumers’ wealth, andRead MoreChina And China Case Study1578 Words   |  7 PagesThe fall in prime cost entails a rise in profits, so the profitability of corporations that have transferred their production to China goes beyond all reasonable limits. Moreover, the financial world crisis served as an impetus for this process to acquire a global meaning. 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This concept leads to general idea of this paper, which will look at the evolution of output, inflationRead MoreThe Impact Of Expansionary Monetary Policy During The Great Recession1720 Words   |  7 PagesInternational Monetary Fund (IMF) as the worst global recession of the 20th century s ince the Great Depression [1]. After eight years, global economies today continue to struggle to find sustainable recovery and robust growth. The crisis was a massive institutional failure that involved the bursting of the asset bubble, the collapse of the stock market, and the moribund employment rate among others. The crisis has since triggered economists, governments, and financial institutions to critically revisit theirRead MoreBanking Sectors and Financial Crisis in the UAE and GCC Countries890 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Banking Sectors Financial Crisis in the UAE GCC Countries Chapter Two Table of Contents I. UAE GCC Countries Economy Overview Overview of the Banking Sector. Islamic and conventional Banking principles. The structure of Islamic Banking in UAE GCC Countries Islamic Banks operating in the UAE GCC Countries Central Bank Federal Law II. The financial crisis in the UAE GCC Countries. Causes of the financial crisis. Effects of the financial crisis. Banking Sector beforeRead MoreThe Financial Crisis And The G20 Essay1456 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The collapse of the financial market in the United States created an accelerated momentum that pushed the global economy towards a detrimental downward spiral during 2008. In response to the crisis, the world’s top economies created the G20 leaders’ forum in order to manage the financial downturn. Although the crisis was somewhat managed by the G20, the Great Recession left the world with a weak and stagnate global economy. The rise of secular stagnation was a viable threat following

Cultural Component free essay sample

After all of the congratulations on seeing another year on this earth were done, we set out to our destination. Usually we just order pizza and call it a day but we wanted to make this day special. Our place of choice was the great Arawak Key, or as I like to call it, food central. As we arrived there was rake n’ scrape music playing and people dancing. It was also obvious that we weren’t the only ones with that idea. Hungry faces as far as the eye can see, but no one was as hungry as me. I searched all around for an empty restaurant to seat me family of five. It felt like it was hopeless because every restaurant we looked in, a full house of hungry faces looked back at us. We finally found a diamond in the rough with a slightly empty restaurant. This restaurant had a cozy feel to it. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Component or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It had basic light brown paint and Bahamian art strung up on the walls. These paintings were probably purchase from schools which made me wish I did better in art. As we ordered our food another component of culture came to me. The menu was stacked with Bahamian dishes, from the almighty conch snack to the luxurious lobster and shrimp snacks. I ordered two different meals for myself only and when I was finished, I still wasn’t full. Secondly, I went to an event known as Fam Fest. This is a free gospel concert held annually on Arawak key. This brings up another cultural component which is beliefs. The majority of the Bahamas is of the Christian denomination. This was seen excellently with the numbers of people that showed up. Although it could have been due only to the fact that it was free, because something that is free and a Bahamian is never far apart. Getting back to topic, with a gathering of Bahamians there has to be food. The entire right sight of the venue was covered by vendors set upped to sell their dishes. Hundreds of people gathered to praise the lord and satisfy their stomachs, not a bad combination. Arawak key is a Bahamian culture haven. From the food, the music, and the dancing, it all is truly a culture filled place. Also the clothes worn by employees to accentuate their restaurant’s Bahamian qualities are brilliant. Firstly, the food is pure Bahamian influenced. The sound of conch salad being prepared fills the air and the smell of fried foods just flow through your nostrils. Furthermore, the rake n’ scrape music played by live bands or speakers just set the mood and make for the perfect Bahamian experience. Also, the dancing, although mostly done by drunken men and women, still gives a nice feel to the place. In conclusion, it is clear to say that the components of culture, or just culture itself is evident almost everywhere you go. Arawak Key is a perfect place to go if you want a true culture experience. Although some of the components are seen more than others, each of them plays a vital role in the complete culture of the Bahamas.

Relationship Between Language and Culture

Introduction Language and culture are intertwined. One cannot define or identify cultural orientations without citing variations in language. The purpose of the essay is to clearly highlight the issue of intercultural communication with reference to language.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Language and Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What is culture? Culture describes variations in values, beliefs, as well as differences in the way people behave (DeVito 2007). Culture encompasses everything that a social group develops or produces. Element of culture are not genetically transmitted and as such, they have to be passed down from one generation the next through communication. This explains why it is easy to adopt a certain language depending on the shared beliefs, attitudes and values. The existence of different cultures can be explained using the cultural relativism approach which sti pulates that although cultures tend to vary, none is superior to the other (DeVito 2007). Learning of cultural values can be done through enculturation whereby individuals learn the culture of their birth. Alternatively, one can be acculturated into a culture that is divergent from their basic culture (DeVito 2007). Language and its role in culture Language is the verbal channel of communication by articulating words that an individual is conversant with. This is aimed at relaying information. In other words, it is the expression of one’s culture verbally (Jandt 2009). Language is the first element that helps an individual to distinguish the cultural orientations of individuals. Through language, we are able to differentiate between for example, a Chinese national and a Briton. The main functions of language are generally for information purposes and for the establishment of relationships.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Ge t your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Different cultures perceive the use of language differently. Whereas an American regards it as a useful communication tool, a Chinese will use their language to relay their feelings and to establish relationships. It is through such variances of language that different cultures have placed on the usage of their language show the link between the two study variables (Jandt 2009). Role of language in cultural diversity Intercultural communication refers to communication between people from different cultural backgrounds. Due to the differences in cultures, there is a high probability that a message will be misunderstood and distorted. Difference in languages leads to challenges in the interpretation of for example, politeness, acts of speech and interaction management. Normally, differences in languages lead to impediments in understanding. This is due to the difference in perception in as far as values are concerned. Language shapes our lines of thought and as such, it is the core element that shapes how people perceive the world. The way people communicate is largely due to their cultures of origin. Language increases the rate of ethnocentrism in individuals thus furthering their self-centeredness in culture. As a result, they are less responsive to the different means of communication that are not similar to their own values and beliefs (McGregor eta al 2007). Language further heightens the aspect of accelerating cultural differences as it openly showcases the variations in communication. In turn, this view tends to impede negatively on intercultural efforts, thereby having a negative impact on the communication between individuals of different cultural orientations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Language and Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion There is need for individuals to evaluate the usage of language in order to effectively interpret the shared meanings that are meant to be communicated. It is important therefore that individuals from a multi cultural context look at each other beyond their differences in order to enable effective communication. Reference List DeVito, J A. (2006) Human communication the basic course, 10 th edition. Boston, Mass: Pearson / Allyn and Bacon. Jandt, F E. (2007) An introduction to intercultural communication: identities in global  community. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc. Mohan, T, McGregor, M T, Saunders, H Archee, S. (2008) Communicating as a  professional. Sydney, Australia: Cengage Learning. This essay on Relationship Between Language and Culture was written and submitted by user Nancy Lindsay to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Clancy, Tom Rainbow Six Essays - Tom Clancys Rainbow Six

Clancy, Tom Rainbow Six Tom Clancy Rainbow Six This book was published by G.P. Putnam's Sons in New York, USA. Copyright date is 1998. There are 740 pages in this book. Thomas L. Clancy, Jr. was born on the 12th of April 1947, he is married and lives in Maryland, USA. Clancy's novels can be classified as Military-Techno-Thrillers. He has written fiction and non-fiction books, Rainbow Six is a fiction book. As for other titles, well there are just to many to list, in total 23. Some books that he has written are The Hunt for Red October, Patriot Games, Clear and Present Danger, to list a few. According to Clancy "Rainbow Six, is one of my all time favourites." The book starts with a prologue that introduces us to the one main character, John Clark, an ex-Navy SEAL, and two other characters, Alistair Stanley the executive commander of Rainbow Six, and Domingo (Ding) Chavez, the Captain of Team 2. There are two other insignificant character introduced, Clark's wife Sandy and his daughter Patsy, who is married to Ding. Patsy is pregnant. The other main character is Dmitriy Arkadeyevich Popov, he is an ex-KGB agent who is now working as a ?special consultant'. He will become very important later on in the book. Clark is the commander and in charge of starting a new European anti-terrorist group called Rainbow Six. Rainbow Six is split into two teams; Team 1 and Team 2. These teams are the best there is. They are based in Hereford, England, but any European country can call on them at any time. They run 3 miles in 20 minutes every morning at 6:00 am. Only one team will be on-call at a time. The team that is not on-call will be doing live fire practices. In the first 6 months of being in operation they are called on three times which is a lot for this type of thing. The first incident happens in a Swiss bank where terrorists have taken control. They also have hostages. Team 2 successfully takes them out, with only one hostage killed, but he is killed before they had gotten there. The first mission helps them organize themselves and fix a few holes in their planning. The second mission is in Germany. An international trader is taken hostage in his mansion/castle. This mission goes well too, thanks to the snipers. No hostage deaths, but all the terrorists are killed. After this mission is over they realize they should have a helicopter and pilot on the team, this is done. The last mission that they are called on in the book is in Spain, in a huge amusement park. Earlier on in the book we hear a conversation in a french high security jail, with the Jackal and his lawyer. The Jackal tells his lawyer he is sick of being in jail and to call his friends and they would know what to do. The terrorists at the amusement park are well prepared, but not well enough to take on the Rainbow Six team. They take 30 children hostage, and demand for the Jackal and several other prisoners release. One of the major things that goes awary for the terrorists is that the Rainbow six have a program that would disable all cellular phones. They vary phones that the terrorists are using to communicate, with each other. Once their communication is out Rainbow Six easily takes them out one by one. They then take out the large group. Only one child is killed. The terrorists do this killing to show they are serious. One terrorist goes outside and takes a child that is in a wheelchair and shoots her in the back. The team just had to sit there and watch. If they had interrupted, they know more children will die. In the meantime while this is happening, Popov, the ex-KGB agent now freelance is hired by an American. Popov is hired to get people to do the job in Switzerland, the bank taking, and the taking of the international trader in Germany. The person that has hired him is the president of a multi-national pharmaceutical company, that has access to and deals with extremely deadly viruses, he is extremely wealthy. Lets call him the Boss (sorry forgot his name). Popov has nothing to do with the hostage taking of the children in Spain, that was the Jackal. Popov is living in New York will he is organizing these jobs and flies back and forth from Europe to organize them. After all

Origin of the Roman Satire Genre

Origin of the Roman Satire Genre Roman literature began as an imitation of the Greek literary forms, from the epic stories of Greek heroes and tragedy to the poem known as an epigram. It was only in satire that the Romans could claim originality since the Greeks never split satire off into its own genre. Satire, as invented by the Romans, had a tendency from the beginning towards social criticism- some of it quite nasty- which we still associate with satire. But the defining characteristic of Roman satire was that it was a medley, like a modern revue. Menippean Satire The Romans produced two types of satire. Menippean satire was frequently a parody, blending prose and verse. The first use of this was the Syrian Cynic philosopher Menippus of Gadara (fl. 290 B.C.). Varro (116-27 B.C.) brought it into Latin. The Apocolocyntosis (Pumpkinification of Claudius), attributed to Seneca, a parody of the deification of the drooling emperor, is the only extant Menippean satire. We also have large segments of the Epicurean satire/novel, Satyricon, by Petronius. Verse Satire The other and more important type of satire was the verse satire. Satire unqualified by Menippean usually refers to the verse satire. It was written in dactylic hexameter meter, like epics. Its stately meter partly accounts for its relatively high place in the hierarchy of poetry quoted at the beginning. Founder of the Genre of Satire Although there were earlier Latin writers instrumental in developing the genre of satire, the official founder of this Roman genre is Lucilius, of whom we have only fragments. Horace, Persius, and Juvenal followed, leaving us many complete satires about the life, vice, and moral decay they saw around them. Antecedents of Satire Attacking the foolish, a component of ancient or modern satire, is found in Athenian Old Comedy whose sole extant representative is Aristophanes. The Romans borrowed from him and other than extant Greek writers of comedy, Cratinus, and Eupolus, according to Horace. The Latin satirists also borrowed attention-grabbing techniques from Cynic and Skeptic preachers whose extemporaneous sermons, called diatribes, could be embellished with anecdotes, character sketches, fables, obscene jokes, parodies of serious poetry, and other elements also found in Roman satire.

Eating Jesus' Flesh and drinking His Blood Research Paper

Eating Jesus' Flesh and drinking His Blood - Research Paper Example The Hebrew writer tells us that His blood was shed for the transgressions of those who lived under the first testament, as well as those who live under the second (Heb. 9:15).   So, all humanity, who desire salvation, are dependent upon the blood of Christ  Ã‚   In this lesson, we shall  Ã‚   list some of the things that are said to be accomplished by the blood of Christ. VERSES 51-52:  Ã‚   I AM THE LIVING BREAD 51I am the living bread which came down out of heaven. If anyone eats (Greek: phage) of this bread, he will live forever. Yes, the bread which I will give for the life of the world is my flesh (Greek: sarx)." 52The Jews therefore contended with one another, saying, "How can this man give us his flesh to eat?"   "I am the living bread which came down out of heaven" (v. 51a).   This "living bread" parallels the "living water" that Jesus offered the Samaritan woman (4:10).   "If anyone eats (phage) of this bread, he will live forever" (v. 51b).   Phage is the ao rist of esthio (to eat), and thus represents a one-time action.   To eat of this bread, in this context, means the once-and-for-all action of accepting or believing in Christ.   "Yes, the bread which I will give for the life of the world is my flesh (Greek: sarx)"(v. 51c). Jesus does not retreat from the offense of his words, but instead adds to it with his mention of flesh (sarx). This is sacrificial language. The Torah requires ritual sacrifice of animals, and specifies how they are to be prepared and how their flesh is to be used. Some flesh is to be burned on the altar and other flesh is to be eaten.   Jesus makes his sacrifice in behalf of the world –– not just Israel (see also 3:16-17).   "The Jews therefore contended with one another, saying, "How can this man give us his flesh to eat?† (v. 52).   "Flesh" is a provocative word, raising the specter of cannibalism.   No observant Jew would consider eating human flesh. VERSE 53:   UNLESS YOU EAT AND DRINK 53Jesus therefore said to them, "Most certainly I tell you, unless you eat (Greek: phagete) the flesh (Greek:   sarka –– from sarx)of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you don't have life in yourselves. "Most certainly I tell you" (v. 53a).   These words make emphatic that which follows.   "unless you eat (phagete)the flesh(sarka –– from sarx) of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you don't have life in yourselves" (v. 53b).   The title that Jesus uses for himself here is Son of Man, which is a less provocative title than Messiah. The first significant issue here is whether Jesus' words are Eucharistic in nature (referring to the Lord's Supper) or simply incarnational/sacrificial (referring to the incarnation and the cross).   The question is significant.   Is Jesus emphasizing participation in the Eucharist here?   Should a sermon based on this text emphasize participation in the Lord's Supper?   Scholars are divided on this question.   My conclusion is that incarnational, sacrificial, and Eucharistic emphases are intertwined in 6:51-58, and that the emphasis shifts to favor the Eucharistic at verse 51c.   If this is correct, it is appropriate, perhaps even important, to emphasize participation in the Lord's Supper when preaching from this text. We should also note two things that were happening at the time of the writing of this Gospel that might have influenced the author to emphasize the eating of Jesus flesh and the drinking of his blood: